Saturday, December 13, 2025

Extermination Begins Within: Mastering the Mindset for Growth

 





Akib Hasan Shad :


In personal development, the idea of “extermination” is not about destroying others—it is about eliminating the inner barriers that hold you back. For a young leader or entrepreneur, one of the greatest responsibilities is mastering the mindset. This requires the conscious removal of self-doubt, excuses, and limiting beliefs. When mental clutter is cleared, space is created for clarity, confidence, and bold decision-making—the very qualities that drive any meaningful journey.

Extermination also means uprooting the habits that silently sabotage growth. Success is rarely the result of dramatic actions; it is built through consistent choices—discipline over distraction, purpose over comfort. Letting go of procrastination, toxic influences, and comfort-zone thinking may seem small, but each act of self-improvement compounds over time. When you eliminate what weakens you, you strengthen what elevates you.

Finally, extermination is about intentionally shaping your environment. Focus must be protected like a priceless asset—because it is. Surround yourself with people who challenge you, goals that inspire you, and routines aligned with your vision. When you remove what no longer serves you, you step into the version of yourself capable of leading, building, and creating lasting impact.

Monday, December 8, 2025

Rickshaw - A Heritage, Culture, Struggle and Symbol of Possibility in Bangladesh:

 





MD.Akib Hasan Shad :



The rickshaw is so deeply woven into the urban life of Bangladesh that calling it merely a vehicle would be an understatement. It carries within it the stories of livelihood, art, urban history and the emotional fabric of its people. From the bustling streets of Dhaka to Chattogram, Rajshahi, Khulna or Sylhet—rickshaws represent a moving cultural identity across the country.

The word rickshaw originates from the Japanese term “jinrikisha,” meaning “human-powered vehicle,” though the word has long been absorbed into the Bangla language.

Historical Emergence:

Rickshaws first appeared in the Bengal region during the 1930s, introduced in Kolkata and Chattogram. Gradually, they found their way into Dhaka.

  • In the 1940s, only a handful of rickshaws could be seen on the streets of Dhaka.
  • By the 1950s, they became widely popular for being cheap, accessible, and suitable for densely populated cities.
  • After the independence of Bangladesh, rickshaw-pulling became a primary occupation for large sections of the urban lower-income population.

Today, Dhaka is often referred to as the “City of Rickshaws.” Nowhere else in the world is the rickshaw used as extensively as it is in Bangladesh.

Rickshaw Art: A Global Folk Heritage:

Bangladeshi rickshaw is not only a mode of transport—it is a canvas of vibrant art. Internationally, rickshaw art is recognized as a form of folk art.

Its characteristics include bright colors—red, yellow, blue, green—along with floral patterns, birds, landscapes, scenes from rural Bengal, film stars, national monuments, freedom fighters, religious motifs, and moral messages.

Old Dhaka’s Lakshmi Bazar, Sutrapur, and Narinda once served as the heart of rickshaw decoration. Many artists still continue this tradition, keeping the heritage alive despite modern challenges.

A Life of Struggle Behind the Pedals:

Rickshaw-pulling is far from easy. From dawn till late night, rickshaw pullers face scorching sun, rain, storms and uncertainty of income. Most must pay a daily rental to the owner, leaving their earnings unstable.

Health risks such as chronic pain, asthma, fatigue, and exposure to accidents are constant concerns. Traffic congestion and unsafe roads add further pressure to both pullers and passengers.

Yet, millions of households across Bangladesh still rely entirely on rickshaw-pulling for survival.

A Pillar of Urban Mobility:

In Dhaka city, rickshaws account for nearly 40% of short-distance travel. In the absence of sufficient public transport, they remain the most reliable option for daily commuters.

Rickshaws are also environment-friendly—no smoke, no noise, easy movement through narrow lanes, and relatively low cost. However, challenges exist:

  • They contribute to traffic congestion
  • Safety concerns persist
  • Lack of registration and regulatory systems remains unresolved

Even so, rickshaws continue to serve as a vital urban lifeline.

A Key Contributor to the Urban Economy:

The rickshaw sector is a major segment of Bangladesh’s informal economy. It supports millions through:

  • Rickshaw pulling
  • Garage and workshop operations
  • Rickshaw manufacturing
  • Repair work
  • Rickshaw art and design

Research suggests that 1 to 1.2 million people in Dhaka alone depend, directly or indirectly, on rickshaw-related income.

Modernization and Future Prospects:

While traditional rickshaws still dominate, modernization has begun:

  • Battery-powered e-rickshaws and e-bikes
  • Digital fare systems
  • Safer rickshaw designs
  • Rickshaw-art tourism

Globally, Bangladeshi rickshaws already hold a unique reputation. They have been showcased in international exhibitions, cultural events, research projects and documentaries—standing proudly as cultural ambassadors of Bangladesh.

A Moving Symbol of Bangladesh

A rickshaw is more than transportation—it is a living cultural heritage of Bangladesh. It represents our art, culture, economy and urban lifestyle. Preserving this heritage while adapting it to modern needs is not only important—it is necessary.

The relationship between Bangladeshis and their rickshaw is not merely functional. It embodies the nation’s history, struggle, creativity and enduring beauty.

Sunday, December 7, 2025

“Build Yourself Before You Build Your Future”



“I wish for you a prosperous, healthy, and happy life—
a life in which you gift yourself patience, the value of reason, the importance of knowledge, and the belief that you can dream and earn the rewards you truly deserve.”





- Akib Hasan Shad :

Skills Needed for Success in the Marketplace

The marketplace is a challenging arena. It is full of opportunities, but only for those who prepare themselves. We spend a portion of this year preparing for the next, and a portion of this decade preparing for the decade ahead. Hopefully, we are doing better today because we prepared well in the last ten years.

A large part of life is preparation—building yourself, strengthening your skills, and moving forward through personal development.


Personal Development Is a Challenge

Personal development is pressure, struggle, and challenge. Without challenges, there is no victory. Life itself is the struggle of shaping yourself—developing skills that create value in the marketplace, and then seeing what that value brings back to you.

Building new habits isn’t easy, but it is possible. Someone once said,
“Success is 10% inspiration and 90% perspiration.”

Read books, learn skills, practice mental exercises—prepare yourself.

Inspiration is good, but without discipline, nothing happens. Being inspired is one thing; turning that inspiration into study, practice, and repeated effort—that is the real work.


Three Parts of Personal Development

1. Spiritual

It is spirituality that sets humans apart from other beings. Whatever your beliefs may be, this aspect of life should never be neglected. Spiritual growth strengthens the foundation of your happiness and success.

Study your spiritual side, practice it, and teach it to others when needed.

2. Physical

Mind and body work together. You cannot build a strong mind without a healthy body.

“Treat your body like a temple”—this statement is true. Regular exercise, proper nutrition, and good hygiene help you stand confidently in the marketplace.

People judge you by your appearance first. So be mindful of your physical presence, cleanliness, and attire.

A beautiful saying:
“Be aware of yourself, but don’t be overly self-conscious.”

3. Mental

Mental exercise is crucial—learning how to think, building reading habits, facing difficult ideas, and listening to others’ reasoning—all of these set you apart.

Those who avoid difficult topics fall behind. Focus on the hard things—history, literature, philosophy, biographies—they sharpen your thinking.


Build Your Personal Development Library

Education never ends. Even after university, learning must continue. Read books, keep notes—this is the path to high-level skills and high income.

“Standard education gives you standard results.”
So be non-standard. Be extraordinary.

Improve yourself, read widely, explore the writings of people with diverse experiences—these will enrich your life.


Four Steps to Success

1. Good Ideas

Ideas are the seeds of life and business. Keep searching for good ideas and write them down.

2. Good Planning

Planning turns ideas into reality. Without a plan, an idea remains stuck on paper.

3. Proper Use of Time

Learn patience. Great things take time.

4. Problem-Solving

Success is problem-solving. Write down your problems, arrange possible solutions, read books if needed, or ask experts.


Don’t Just Spend the Day—Learn From the Day

Learn these five skills:

1. Absorb

Immerse yourself in the day. Learn, observe, and understand.

2. Respond

Form genuine emotional responses to what you see, hear, and experience.

3. Reflect

Spend a few minutes each day thinking about what you did and what you learned. Do deeper reflection monthly and yearly.

4. Act

Apply your knowledge. Small daily disciplines reshape the future.

5. Share

Knowledge does not decrease when shared—it grows. Recommend books, offer advice, and share your experiences.


Communicate Well When You Share

  • Learn things worth saying
  • Develop the skill of saying them beautifully
  • Speak according to the listener
  • Speak with feeling

When you share, you grow, people change, and your influence expands.


Become the Person You Want to Be

Build yourself so that you become valuable in the marketplace, in your family, and in your friendships.

Because it’s not what you have that matters—
it’s what you become.

Final message—
On the other side of commitment lies value.
If you want the glory of success, you must be willing to pay the price.

Saturday, December 6, 2025

āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āϏāĻŦ āĻŽাāύুāώāχ āĻŽে⧟ে āĻšā§Ÿেāχ āϜāύ্āĻŽা⧟ — āĻ›েāϞেāϰা āĻšā§ŸāϤো āĻ•েāĻŦāϞ āĻŦিāĻļেāώ āĻāĻ•āϟি āφāĻ•āϏ্āĻŽিāĻ• āϜৈāĻŦিāĻ• āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύেāϰ āĻĢāϞ:









āφāĻ•িāĻŦ āĻšাāϏাāύ āϏাāĻĻ :


āϧāϰে āύিāύ, āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āϏāĻŦ āĻŽাāύুāώāχ āĻŽে⧟ে āĻšā§Ÿেāχ āϜāύ্āĻŽা⧟ — āĻ›েāϞেāϰা āĻšā§ŸāϤো āĻ•েāĻŦāϞ āĻŦিāĻļেāώ āĻāĻ•āϟি āφāĻ•āϏ্āĻŽিāĻ• āϜৈāĻŦিāĻ• āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύেāϰ āĻĢāϞ! āĻ…āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦ āĻŽāύে āĻšā§Ÿ ?


āĻ…āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦ āĻŽāύে āĻšāϞেāĻ“, āϏāϤ্āϝি āĻāχ āϝে, āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϟি āĻŽাāύāĻŦ āĻ­্āϰূāĻŖ āĻļুāϰুāϤে āĻāĻ•āϟি āύিāϰāĻĒেāĻ•্āώ āĻŦা āύাāϰীāϏāĻĻৃāĻļ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা⧟ āϤৈāϰি āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻāĻŦং āĻ›েāϞে āĻšāĻŦাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āφāϞাāĻĻা āĻ•āϰে āĻāĻ•āϟি āϜিāύ, āĻāĻ•āϟি āϏংāĻ•েāϤ āφāϰ āĻāĻ• āĻŦিāĻĒ্āϞāĻŦ āϘāϟে āĻļāϰীāϰেāϰ āĻ­েāϤāϰে।

āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻ•েāύ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻšā§Ÿ? āĻ•েāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽেāχ āĻ›েāϞে āύ⧟? āĻ•ীāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻļāϰীāϰ āϜাāύে āϤাāĻ•ে āĻ›েāϞে āύা āĻŽে⧟ে āĻšāϤে āĻšāĻŦে? āĻāχ āϏিāĻĻ্āϧাāύ্āϤ āύে⧟ āĻ•ে? 

āĻāχ āϞেāĻ–া⧟ āφāĻŽāϰা āĻŦিāϏ্āϤাāϰিāϤ āϜাāύাāϰ āϚেāώ্āϟা āĻ•āϰāĻŦ— Y āĻ•্āϰোāĻŽোāϜোāĻŽেāϰ āϰāĻšāϏ্āϝ, SRY āϜিāύেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ­াāĻŦ, āĻāĻŦং āĻ•িāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻ—āϰ্āĻ­েāϰ āύাāϰী āĻ•াāĻ াāĻŽো āĻŽুāĻ›ে āĻĢেāϞে āĻ›েāϞেāĻ•ে āĻ›েāϞেāχ āĻŦাāύি⧟ে āϤোāϞা āĻšā§Ÿ। 



āĻŽাāύāĻŦ āĻĻেāĻšে āϞিāĻ™্āĻ— āύিāϰ্āϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻļুāϰু āĻšā§Ÿ āϜāύ্āĻŽেāϰ āĻ…āύেāĻ• āφāĻ—েāχ—āĻ িāĻ• āϤāĻ–āύāχ, āϝāĻ–āύ āĻļুāĻ•্āϰাāĻŖু āĻāĻŦং āĻĄিāĻŽ্āĻŦাāĻŖু āĻāĻ•āϤ্āϰে āĻŽিāϞিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿে āĻāĻ•āϟি āύāϤুāύ āĻĒ্āϰাāĻŖেāϰ āϏূāϚāύা āĻ•āϰে। āĻāχ āύিāώেāĻ•েāϰ āĻŽুāĻšূāϰ্āϤেāχ āύিāϰ্āϧাāϰিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ­āĻŦিāώ্āϝāϤেāϰ āϏāύ্āϤাāύেāϰ āϜেāύেāϟিāĻ• āϞিāĻ™্āĻ—: āϝāĻĻি āĻĻুāϟি X āĻ•্āϰোāĻŽোāϏোāĻŽ (XX) āĻĨাāĻ•ে, āϤāĻŦে āϏেāϟি āĻ•āύ্āϝা; āφāϰ āϝāĻĻি āĻāĻ•āϟি X āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻ•āϟি Y āĻ•্āϰোāĻŽোāϏোāĻŽ (XY) āĻĨাāĻ•ে, āϤāĻŦে āϏেāϟি āĻĒুāϤ্āϰāϏāύ্āϤাāύ āĻšāĻŦে।

āĻāχ āϞিāĻ™্āĻ— āύিāϰ্āϧাāϰāĻŖেāϰ āύি⧟āύ্āϤ্āϰāĻŖে āĻĨাāĻ•ে Y āĻ•্āϰোāĻŽোāϏোāĻŽে āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻŦিāĻļেāώ āϜিāύ—SRY (Sex-determining Region on Y chromosome)। āĻāχ āϜিāύāϟিāϰ āĻ•াāϜ āĻšāϞো āĻ­্āϰূāĻŖেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĨāĻŽিāĻ•āĻ­াāĻŦে āύিāϰāĻĒেāĻ•্āώ āĻŦা āϝৌāύ-āĻ…āϏাāĻŽাāύ্āϝ āĻ—োāύাāĻĄ (gonad) āĻ•ে āĻĒুāϰুāώ āĻ—োāύাāĻĄ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž āĻ…āĻŖ্āĻĄāĻ•োāώে āĻĒāϰিāĻŖāϤ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒ্āϰāϝ়োāϜāύীāϝ় āϏংāĻ•েāϤ āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা। āĻāϟি āϏāĻ•্āϰি⧟ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ­্āϰূāĻŖেāϰ āĻ—āϰ্āĻ­াāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰা⧟ ā§Ŧāώ্āĻ  āĻĨেāĻ•ে ā§­āĻŽ āϏāĻĒ্āϤাāĻšে। āϤāĻ–āύāχ āĻ­্āϰূāĻŖেāϰ āĻ­িāϤāϰে āĻĒুāϰুāώাāĻ™্āĻ— āĻ—āĻ āύেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•্āϰি⧟া āĻļুāϰু āĻšā§Ÿ।

āĻ…āύেāĻ•েāχ āĻŦāϞে āĻĨাāĻ•েāύ āϝে, āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϟি āĻ­্āϰূāĻŖ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽে āĻŽে⧟েāχ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦং āĻĒāϰে Y āĻ•্āϰোāĻŽোāϏোāĻŽেāϰ āĻ•াāϰ্āϝāĻ•াāϰিāϤা āĻļুāϰু āĻšāϞে āϏেāϟি āĻ›েāϞেāϤে āϰূāĻĒ āύে⧟। āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻāχ āϧাāϰāĻŖা āĻŦৈāϜ্āĻžাāύিāĻ•āĻ­াāĻŦে āĻ­ুāϞ āĻāĻŦং āĻŦিāĻ­্āϰাāύ্āϤিāĻ•āϰ। āĻŦাāϏ্āϤāĻŦে, āĻ­্āϰূāĻŖেāϰ āĻ—āĻ āύেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĨāĻŽিāĻ• āĻ•ā§ŸেāĻ•āϟি āϏāĻĒ্āϤাāĻšে āϤাāϰ āĻ—োāύাāĻĄ (āϝা āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰ্āϤীāϤে āĻ…āĻŖ্āĻĄāĻ•োāώ āĻŦা āĻĄিāĻŽ্āĻŦাāĻļ⧟ āϤৈāϰি āĻšā§Ÿ) āĻĨাāĻ•ে āĻŦিāĻĒোāϟেāύāĻļি⧟াāϞ, āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž āĻ›েāϞে āĻŦা āĻŽে⧟ে āĻšāĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ āĻĻুāϟি āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­াāĻŦāύাāχ āĻ–োāϞা āĻĨাāĻ•ে। āϤāĻŦে āĻ­্āϰূāĻŖেāϰ āϜিāύāĻ—āϤ āĻ•াāĻ াāĻŽো āϝāĻĻি XY āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦং SRY āϜিāύāϟি āϏāĻ িāĻ•āĻ­াāĻŦে āĻ•াāϰ্āϝāĻ•āϰ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤাāĻšāϞে āϏেāϟি āĻĒুāϰুāώ āϞিāĻ™্āĻ—েāϰ āĻŦিāĻ•াāĻļেāϰ āĻĒāĻĨে āĻāĻ—ি⧟ে āϝা⧟।

āĻāϟি āϏāϤ্āϝ, āϝে āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ ā§Ŧ āϏāĻĒ্āϤাāĻš āĻĒāϰ্āϝāύ্āϤ XX āĻāĻŦং XY āωāĻ­āϝ় āϧāϰāĻŖেāϰ āĻ­্āϰূāĻŖেāϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻĻেāĻ–āϤে āĻĒ্āϰাāϝ় āĻāĻ•āχ āϰāĻ•āĻŽ āĻĨাāĻ•ে। āϤāĻŦে āĻāϟিāĻ•ে "āĻŽে⧟েāϰ āĻŽāϤো" āĻŦāϞা āϏāĻ িāĻ• āύāϝ়। āĻāϟি āĻāĻ•āϟি āϝৌāύ āύিāϰāĻĒেāĻ•্āώ āĻŦা āĻ…āϏ্āĻĒāώ্āϟ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা। āĻāϰ āĻŽাāύে āĻāχ āύ⧟ āϝে āĻ­্āϰূāĻŖ āĻŽে⧟ে āĻ›িāϞ āĻāĻŦং āĻĒāϰে āĻ›েāϞে āĻšā§Ÿে āĻ—েāϞ।

āĻŽাāύāĻŦ āĻ­্āϰূāĻŖেāϰ āĻŦিāĻ•াāĻļেāϰ āĻļুāϰুāϤে āĻĻুāχ āϧāϰāĻŖেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĨāĻŽিāĻ• āĻĒ্āϰāϜāύāύ āύাāϞীāϰ āĻ…āϏ্āϤিāϤ্āĻŦ āĻĨাāĻ•ে—āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻšāϞো MÃŧllerian ducts (āϝা āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŽে⧟েāĻĻেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϜāύāύ āĻ…āĻ™্āĻ— āϤৈāϰি āĻšā§Ÿ: āϝেāĻŽāύ, āĻĢ্āϝাāϞোāĻĒি⧟াāύ āϟিāωāĻŦ, āĻ—āϰ্āĻ­াāĻļ⧟, āϜāϰা⧟ুāĻŽুāĻ– āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি), āφāϰেāĻ•āϟি āĻšāϞো Wolffian ducts (āϝা āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻ›েāϞেāĻĻেāϰ āĻļুāĻ•্āϰāύাāϞীāϰ āĻ…ংāĻļ āϝেāĻŽāύ epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle āϤৈāϰি āĻšā§Ÿ)। āĻāχ āωāϭ⧟ āύাāϞী ā§Ŧ āĻĨেāĻ•ে ā§­ āϏāĻĒ্āϤাāĻš āĻŦ⧟āϏী āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϟি āĻ­্āϰূāĻŖে āωāĻĒāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ āĻĨাāĻ•ে। āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž, āĻ­্āϰূāĻŖেāϰ āĻ•্āϰোāĻŽোāϏোāĻŽ XX āĻŦা XY āϝাāχ āĻšোāĻ• āύা āĻ•েāύ, āωāϭ⧟ duct system āĻļুāϰুāϤে āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϝা⧟। āĻāχ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāĻ•ে āĻŦāϞে bipotential phase āĻŦা āϝৌāύ-āύিāϰāĻĒেāĻ•্āώ āĻŦিāĻ•াāĻļ āĻĒāϰ্āϝা⧟।

āϤāĻŦে āĻāϰāĻĒāϰ āĻļুāϰু āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ•্āϰোāĻŽোāϏোāĻŽ-āύিāϰ্āĻ­āϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύেāϰ āϧাāϰা।

āϝāĻĻি āĻ­্āϰূāĻŖāϟি XY āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦং Y āĻ•্āϰোāĻŽোāϏোāĻŽেāϰ SRY āϜিāύ āϏāĻ•্āϰি⧟ āĻĨাāĻ•ে, āϤāĻŦে āϏেāϟি SOX9 āύাāĻŽāĻ• āĻāĻ•āϟি transcription factor āϏāĻ•্āϰি⧟ āĻ•āϰে। SOX9-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ•্āϰি⧟āϤাāϰ āĻĢāϞেāχ āĻ—āĻ িāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ Sertoli āĻ•োāώ, āϝেāĻ—ুāϞি āĻĒুāϰুāώ āĻ­্āϰূāĻŖেāϰ āĻ…āĻŖ্āĻĄāĻ•োāώ āĻ—āĻ āύেāϰ āĻŽূāϞ āĻ­িāϤ্āϤি। āĻāχ Sertoli āĻ•োāώāĻ—ুāϞি āϤৈāϰি āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻļুāϰু āĻ•āϰে āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻšāϰāĻŽোāύ—Anti-MÃŧllerian Hormone (AMH)।

AMH-āĻāϰ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ…āϤ্āϝāύ্āϤ āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āĻāĻŦং āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ: āĻāϟি āĻŽে⧟েāĻĻেāϰ reproductive tract āĻ—āĻ āύেāϰ āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏ MÃŧllerian duct–āĻ•ে āĻĻāĻŽāύ āĻ•āϰে āĻŦা āϧ্āĻŦংāϏ āĻ•āϰে āĻĻে⧟।

āĻāĻ–āύ āφāϏি, āφāϏāϞে AMH āĻ•ীāĻ­াāĻŦে MÃŧllerian duct-āĻ•ে āĻŦāύ্āϧ āĻ•āϰে?

AMH Sertoli āĻ•োāώ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āύিঃāϏৃāϤ āĻšā§Ÿে āĻĒাāϰ্āĻļ্āĻŦāĻŦāϰ্āϤী āĻŽেāϏেāύāĻ•াāχāĻŽাāϞ āĻ•োāώেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰে āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰে। āĻāχ āĻ•োāώāĻ—ুāϞিāϤে āĻĨাāĻ•ে AMHR2 (Anti-MÃŧllerian Hormone Receptor Type 2)। āĻāχ āϰিāϏেāĻĒ্āϟāϰে AMH āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻšāϞে, SMAD2/3 pathway āϏāĻ•্āϰি⧟ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϝা āϏেāχ āĻ•োāώে āĻ…্āϝাāĻĒোāĻĒāϟোāϏিāϏ (apoptosis) āĻŦা āĻ•োāώ āĻŽৃāϤ্āϝুāϰ āϏংāĻ•েāϤ āĻĻে⧟। āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞে āϧাāĻĒে āϧাāĻĒে āĻ­্āϰূāĻŖেāϰ MÃŧllerian duct āĻ—āĻ āύ āϰোāϧ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦং āĻ…āĻŦāĻļেāώে āϤা āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻ…āĻŦāϞুāĻĒ্āϤ āĻšā§Ÿে āϝা⧟। āĻāχ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•্āϰি⧟াāϟি ā§Ž āĻĨেāĻ•ে ā§§ā§Ļ āϏāĻĒ্āϤাāĻšেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϘāϟে āĻĨাāĻ•ে āĻāĻŦং āĻĒুāϰুāώ āĻ­্āϰূāĻŖে āĻ—āϰ্āĻ­াāĻļ⧟ āĻŦা āĻĢ্āϝাāϞোāĻĒি⧟াāύ āϟিāωāĻŦেāϰ āĻ•োāύো āĻ…ংāĻļ āĻ—āĻ িāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āύা।

āϝāĻĻি āĻāχ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•্āϰি⧟া āĻŦ্āϝāϰ্āĻĨ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϝেāĻŽāύ: AMH āύা āϤৈāϰি āĻšā§Ÿ (āϝেāĻŽāύ Persistent MÃŧllerian Duct Syndrome), āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা AMHR2 āϰিāϏেāĻĒ্āϟāϰ āĻ•াāϜ āύা āĻ•āϰে, āϤāĻŦে XY āĻ­্āϰূāĻŖেāϰ āĻļāϰীāϰে āĻĒুāϰুāώ āĻ“ āύাāϰী āωāϭ⧟ duct-āχ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϝেāϤে āĻĒাāϰে। āĻāĻ•ে āĻŦāϞে intersex condition āĻŦা āϞিāĻ™্āĻ— āĻĻ্āĻŦৈāϤāϤা।

āĻ…āύ্āϝāĻĻিāĻ•ে, XX āĻ­্āϰূāĻŖেāϰ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āϝেāĻšেāϤু SRY āĻŦা SOX9 āϏāĻ•্āϰি⧟ āĻšā§Ÿ āύা, āϤাāχ Sertoli āĻ•োāώ āĻāĻŦং AMH āϤৈāϰি āĻšā§Ÿ āύা। āĻĢāϞে MÃŧllerian ducts āϏ্āĻŦাāĻ­াāĻŦিāĻ•āĻ­াāĻŦেāχ āĻŦিāĻ•āĻļিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿে āĻ—āϰ্āĻ­াāĻļ⧟, āϜāϰা⧟ু āύাāϞী, āĻāĻŦং āϜāϰা⧟ুāĻŽুāĻ– āϤৈāϰি āĻ•āϰে। āϏেāχāϏাāĻĨে, Wolffian duct āϧ্āĻŦংāϏ āĻšā§Ÿে āϝা⧟ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ āϏেāĻ–াāύে testosterone āύাāĻŽāĻ• āĻšāϰāĻŽোāύ āĻĨাāĻ•ে āύা āϝা āϤা āϧāϰে āϰাāĻ–ে।

āĻāĻ–āύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύ āωāĻ āϤে āĻĒাāϰে—āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻāχ āĻ­ুāϞ āϧাāϰāĻŖা āĻ•োāĻĨা āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻāϞো āϝে “āϏāĻŦ āĻ­্āϰূāĻŖ āĻŽে⧟ে āĻšā§Ÿ”? āĻšā§ŸāϤো āĻāχ āĻŦিāĻ­্āϰাāύ্āϤিāϰ āĻŽূāϞ āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏ āϏেāχ ‘āĻŦাāχāϰে āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻĻেāĻ–া’ āĻŦিāώ⧟āϟি। āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ āĻ—āϰ্āĻ­াāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽāĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻ›েāϞে āĻ“ āĻŽে⧟েāϰ āϝৌāύাāĻ™্āĻ—ে āϚেāĻšাāϰাāĻ—āϤ āĻĒাāϰ্āĻĨāĻ•্āϝ āĻĨাāĻ•ে āύা। āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻŦৈāϜ্āĻžাāύিāĻ• āĻĻৃāώ্āϟিāϤে, āύিāώেāĻ•েāϰ āĻŽুāĻšূāϰ্āϤেāχ āϝāĻĻি āĻ­্āϰূāĻŖে Y āĻ•্āϰোāĻŽোāϏোāĻŽ āĻĨাāĻ•ে, āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻāϟি āĻĒুāϰুāώেāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•েāχ āĻāĻ—োāĻŦে—āĻāĻŦং āϤা āĻ•āĻ–āύāχ āĻŽে⧟ে āĻ›িāϞ āύা। āĻāĻ›া⧜া, āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻŦিāĻļেāώ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻĻেāĻ–া āϝা⧟ āϝে XY āĻ­্āϰূāĻŖেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে SRY āϜিāύ āĻĨাāĻ•āϞেāĻ“ āϤা āĻ•োāύো āĻ•াāϰāĻŖে āϏāĻ িāĻ•āĻ­াāĻŦে āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻ›ে āύা—āϝেāĻŽāύ, 46,XY Gonadal Dysgenesis āϰোāĻ—ে āφāĻ•্āϰাāύ্āϤ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤিāϰা āĻĻেāĻ–āϤে āĻŽে⧟ে āĻšāϞেāĻ“ āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻ•্āϰোāĻŽোāϏোāĻŽ āĻšāϞো XY। āφāĻŦাāϰ āĻ•িāĻ›ু XX āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤি (āϝাāĻĻেāϰ āĻļāϰীāϰে SRY āϜিāύ āĻ…āϏ্āĻŦাāĻ­াāĻŦিāĻ•āĻ­াāĻŦে āωāĻĒāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ) āĻĒুāϰুāώেāϰ āĻŽāϤো āĻŦিāĻ•āĻļিāϤ āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰেāύ—āĻāϟি XX male syndrome āύাāĻŽে āĻĒāϰিāϚিāϤ। āϤāĻŦে āĻāϏāĻŦ āϘāϟāύা āĻ…āϤ্āϝāύ্āϤ āĻŦিāϰāϞ āĻāĻŦং āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āύি⧟āĻŽ āύ⧟।

āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒ্āϰāϤি, āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻ—āĻŦেāώāĻŖাāϝ় āĻĻেāĻ–া āĻ—েāĻ›ে āϝে āχঁāĻĻুāϰেāϰ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āϝāĻĻি āĻ—āϰ্āĻ­াāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা⧟ āĻŽা-āχঁāĻĻুāϰেāϰ āĻļāϰীāϰে āϞৌāĻšেāϰ āϘাāϟāϤি āĻĨাāĻ•ে, āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻ•িāĻ›ু XY āĻ­্āϰূāĻŖেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে SRY āĻ িāĻ•āĻŽāϤো āĻ•াāϜ āύা āĻ•āϰে āĻĢেāϞে āĻāĻŦং āϤাāϰা āĻŽে⧟েāϰ āĻŽāϤো āĻ…āĻ™্āĻ— āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ•āϰে āĻĢেāϞে। āϝāĻĻিāĻ“ āĻāϟি āĻŽাāωāϏ āύি⧟ে āĻ•āϰা āĻ—āĻŦেāώāĻŖা, āĻāĻŦং āĻŽাāύāĻŦāĻĻেāĻšে āĻāĻ–āύো āĻāχ āϰāĻ•āĻŽ āĻ•োāύো āĻŦৈāϜ্āĻžাāύিāĻ• āĻĒ্āϰāĻŽাāĻŖ āύেāχ। āϤāĻŦুāĻ“ āĻāϟি āĻŦোāĻা⧟ āϝে SRY-āĻāϰ āĻ•াāϰ্āϝāĻ•াāϰিāϤা āĻĒāϰিāĻŦেāĻļāĻ—āϤ āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻŦিāώ⧟েāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰে—āϤāĻŦে āĻāϟি āĻļুāϧুāχ āĻ—āĻŦেāώāĻŖাāϰ āϏ্āϤāϰে āϏীāĻŽাāĻŦāĻĻ্āϧ।


āĻ…āϤāĻāĻŦ, āĻāχ āϏāĻŦ āϝুāĻ•্āϤি, āϤāĻĨ্āϝ āĻ“ āĻ—āĻŦেāώāĻŖা āĻĒ্āϰāĻŽাāĻŖ āĻ•āϰে āϝে “āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϟি āĻ­্āϰূāĻŖ āĻŽে⧟েāχ āĻšā§Ÿ”—āĻāχ āĻĻাāĻŦিāϟি āĻĒুāϰোāĻĒুāϰি āĻ­িāϤ্āϤিāĻšীāύ āĻāĻŦং āĻŦিāĻ­্āϰাāύ্āϤিāĻ•āϰ। āĻŦাāϏ্āϤāĻŦāϤা āĻšāϞো: āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϟি āĻ­্āϰূāĻŖ āĻāĻ•āϟি āύিāϰāĻĒেāĻ•্āώ āϝৌāύ āĻĒāϰ্āϝা⧟ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻļুāϰু āĻ•āϰে, āĻāĻŦং āϤাāϰ āĻ•্āϰোāĻŽোāϏোāĻŽাāϞ āĻ•াāĻ াāĻŽো āĻ“ āĻšāϰāĻŽোāύ-āύি⧟āύ্āϤ্āϰিāϤ pathway āύিāϰ্āϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰে āϏে āĻ›েāϞে āĻšāĻŦে āύাāĻ•ি āĻŽে⧟ে। āĻŽে⧟েāĻĻেāϰ āϰূāĻĒাāύ্āϤāϰিāϤ āĻšāĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ āĻ•োāύো “default” āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ āύেāχ; āĻŦāϰং āϤাāϰা āĻāĻ•āϟি āϏ্āĻŦāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ āϜৈāĻŦিāĻ• āĻĒāĻĨ āĻ…āύুāϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰে।


*** Sources :

1. NCBI Bookshelf: Sexual Differentiation in Humans

2. Nature Reviews Genetics: Genetic Mechanisms of Sex Determination

3. Science Direct: Role of SOX9 in Testis Development

4. MedlinePlus & PubMed: Disorders of Sex Development

5. LiveScience (2024): Mouse model iron deficiency affecting SRY

6. Wikipedia (Science-level): SRY, SOX9, Gonadal Development, XX Male Syndrome

7. Josso, N. et al. (2001). Anti-MÃŧllerian hormone and its receptors. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology.

8. NCBI: Development of the Reproductive System.

9. Wikipedia: Anti-MÃŧllerian hormone

10. Endotext (NIH): Male Sexual Differentiation.

11. Sadler's Langman's Medical Embryology – Reproductive System Chapter.


#science #Embryology #āĻ—āϰ্āĻ­াāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা #āϞিāĻ™্āĻ— #āĻ­্āϰূāĻŖ

Friday, December 5, 2025

Monday, December 1, 2025

" The List Of Abraham Lincoln's Failures "

 The List Of Abraham Lincoln's Failures:



Abraham Lincoln  Was The 16th President Of The United States




Akib Hasan Shad :


Are you struggling with adversity?
Maybe Abraham Lincoln's perseverance can inspire you to keep going. He is perhaps the biggest example of a (now) famous person who overcame significant obstacles in his life.

This is a list of Lincoln's failures :


🔷1816: His family was forced out of their home. He had to work to support them.


🔷1831: Failed in business.


🔷1832: Ran for state legislature – lost.


🔷1832: Also lost his job – wanted to go to law school but couldn’t get in.


🔷1833: Borrowed some money from a friend to begin a business and he was bankrupt by the end of the year. He spent the next 17 years of his life paying off this debt.


🔷1835: Was engaged to be married, but his sweetheart died and his heart was broken.


🔷1838: Sought to become speaker of the state legislature – defeated.


🔷1840: Sought to become elector – defeated.


🔷1843: Ran for Congress – lost.


🔷1848: Ran for re-election to Congress – lost.


🔷1849 Sought the job of land officer in his home state – rejected.


🔷1854: Ran for Senate of the United States – lost.


🔷1856: Sought the Vice-Presidential nomination at his party’s national convention – got less than 100 votes.


🔷1858: Ran for U.S. Senate again – again he lost. Finally Became the President of the USA in 1860! 


Akib Hasan Shad 

Research Affair Secretary 

Access To Human Rights International - ( AHRI )

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